PERKEMBANGAN DISKURSUS PERLINDUNGAN AGAMA DARI PENGHINAAN DAN KRITIK DALAM ATURAN PENODAAN AGAMA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2019.01203.9Keywords:
Freedom of expression, cultural sensitivity, religious values, international lawAbstract
ABSTRACT
This article attempts to analyze public order as one of the permissible limitations of freedom of expression. There are different definitions of public order among countries. Some consider blasphemy, including cultural sensitivity and religious values as public orders, therefore a permissiblelimitations. For this reason, the views and interpretations of cultural relativism are important to be examined. This article concludes that countries with restrictions argue that freedom of expression is not absolute, but can be limited by religious values and cultural sensitivity, part of public order. Whereas based on the view of cultural relativism, all freedoms must be in accordance with local law, culture and local religion. However, the United Nations are in position that religious values and cultural sensitivity are not legitimate limitations to freedom of expression. Such limitations are not designed to protect belief systems from external or internal criticism, but to protect individuals against direct violations of their right. In this respect, the need for healthy dialogue and debate about religion are necessity.
Â
ABSTRAK
Artikel ini hendak menganalisa ketertiban umum sebagai salah satu pembatasan sah kebebasan berekspresi. Apa yang dimaksud dengan ketertiban umum diantara negara-negara berbeda. Ada negara yang menganggap bahwa penodaan agama merupakan pembatasan yang sah. Untuk itu, pandangan dan interpretasi dari pandangan relativisme budaya menjadi penting untuk diteliti. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa negara-negara yang melakukan pembatasan berargumen kebebasan berekspresi tidaklah bersifat absolut, tetapi dapat dibatasi oleh nilai-nilai agama serta sensitifitas budaya yang merupakan bagian daripublic order. Berdasarkan pandangan relativisme budaya, segala kebebasan harus tetap sesuai dengan hukum, budaya dan juga agama setempat. Hanya saja, dalam hukum internasional, PBB tidak memposisikan penodaan agama termasuk nilai-nilai agama dan sensitifitas budaya sebagai pembatasan yang sah. Hal ini karena pembatasan tersebut tidak didesain untuk melindungi sistem kepercayaan dari kritik eksternal, melainkan melindungi individu dari pelanggaran langsung atas haknya. Dalam hal ini, dialog sehat dan perdebatan ilmiah tentang agama adalah suatu kebutuhan yang esensial.
References
BUKU
Catherine Pitt, Bridging the Human Rights and Development discourses: Is the Right to Freedom of Expression of use to Development?, dissertation, MSc in the faculty of Economics, LSE, London, 2005
Edwin Baker, Human Liberties and Freedom of Speech, New York, Oxford University Press, 1989
Human Rights and Encryption, UNESCO, 2016
Legal Analysis on the Concept of Hate Crime and Hate Speech, OSCE, Polyesterday, Skopje, 2012
Mahmood Monshipouri, Claire Kaufman, The OIC, Children’s Rights and Islam, The Danish Institute for Human Rights, 2015
Rohidin, Konstruksi Baru Kebebasan Beragama, Menghadirkan Nilai Kemanusiaan yang Adil dan Beradab di Negara Hukum Indonesia, FHUII-Press, 2015
Satya Arianto, Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Transisi Politik di Indonesia, cetakan kedua Pusat Studi Hukum Tata Negara FHUI, Jakarta, 2005
Steiner, Alston and Goodman, International Human Rights in Context, 3rd Edn Oxford University Press, Oxford 2008
JURNAL
Amnesty International, Mengadili Keyakinan, Undang-Undang Penodaan Agama Indonesia, 2014
Caleb Holzaepfel, Can I Say That? How an International Blasphemy Law Pits the Freedom of Religion against the Freedom of Speech, Emory International Law Review, Vol.28
Center for Law and Democracy, Freedom of Expression as a Human Right, Briefing Note Series on Freedom of Expression, International Media Support
Heather Greenfield, International Law, Religious Limitations and Cultural Sensitivity: The Park 51 Mosque at Ground Zero, Emory International Law Review, Vol2
Jeroen Temperman, Freedom of Expression and Religious Sensitivities in Pluralist Societies: acing the challenge of extreme speech
John W. Whitehead, The Right Not to be Offended, The Supreme Court and Religion, HUFFINGTON POST, 2011
Katie Bresner, Understanding the Right to Freedom of Expression, An International Law Prime for Journalist, International Human Rights Program, Canada, 2015
Suparman Marzuki, Perspektif Mahkamah Konstitusi tentang Hak Asasi Manusia, Jurnal Yudisial, Vol.6 No.3, 2013
T. Jeremy Gunn, the Permissible Scope of Legal Limitations on the Freedom of Religion or Belief: A Comparative Perspective, 19 EMORY INT’L L. REV, 2005
KONVENSI
United Nations Declaration of Human Rights 1948
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966
European Convention on Human Rights
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Anak Agung Ayu Nanda Saraswati, Kadek Wiwik Indrayanti

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This journal embed or display simple machine-readable CC licensing information. This journal allow reuse and remixing of content in accordance with a Creative Commons license, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC). This license (CC BY NC) allows other users to re-edit / rewrite and rebuild a work non-commercially as long as the user gives credit and licenses his new work in the same domain.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).