COMPATIBILITY OF INDONESIA'S REGULATIONS ON SUBMARINE CABLE WITH UNCLOS 1982
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2021.01402.5Keywords:
ZEEI, Kabel Laut, Izin Lokasi Laut, Rencana Tata Ruang LautAbstract
Abstract
The special status of Exclusive Economic Zone of Indonesia (EEZ) raises a problem particularly related to the submarine cable laying activities. This study aims to analyze the compatibility of the marine location permit instrument under Law No. 32/2014 on Marine Affairs and Government Regulation No. 32/2019 on National Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) with UNCLOS 1982 in regulating submarine cable in the EEZ. This normative research shows that the marine location permit instrument regulating submarine cable laying activity in EEZ is incompatible with the provisions of UNCLOS 1982. In contrast, the MSP instrument is compatible and a suitable instrument to protect Indonesia's interests in the EEZ. The Government of Indonesia is advised to regulate an exemption clause for submarine cable installation in EEZ in the Draft of Government Regulation on Marine Location Permit; formulate and formalize ‘prior notification’ procedures by other countries in submarine cable laying activities in EEZ into laws and regulations; and publish the Government Regulation on Marine Spatial Planning and its annexes through the channels of relevant international organizations such as International Cable Protection Committee (ICPC) and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC).
Abstrak
Kekhususan Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif Indonesia (ZEE) menimbulkan permasalahan terkait bentuk instrumen hukum yang dapat diterapkan oleh Indonesia untuk mengatur aktivitas pemasangan kabel bawah laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kesesuaian instrumen izin lokasi laut dalam Undang-Undang 32/2014 tentang Kelautan; dan Peraturan Pemerintah 32/2019 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Laut (PP RTRL) terhadap UNCLOS 1982 dalam mengatur aktivitas pemasangan kabel bawah laut di ZEE. Hasil penelitian normative ini menunjukkan bahwa instrumen izin lokasi laut tidak berkesesuaian dengan ketentuan UNCLOS. Sementara, instrumen rencana tata ruang laut berkesesuaian dengan ketentuan UNCLOS sehingga menjadi instrumen yang tepat untuk melindungi kepentingan Indonesia. Tim peneliti merekomendasikan kepada Pemerintah Indonesia untuk mengatur klausul pengecualian terhadap pemasangan kabel bawah laut di ZEE dalam Rancangan PP Izin Lokasi Laut; memformulasikan dan merumuskan prosedur ‘prior notification’ oleh negara lain dalam aktivitas pemasangan kabel bawah laut di ZEE ke dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, dan memublikasikan eksistensi PP RTRL beserta lampiran-lampirannya melalui kanal organisasi-organisasi internasional terkait seperti International Cable Protection Committee (ICPC) dan Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC).
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Book Sources
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Economic Impact of Submarine Cable Disruptions. APEC Policy Support Unit, Bangkok: Detecon Asia-Pacific Ltd. 2012.
Ehler, C.N., and F. Douvere. Visions for a Sea Change, Report of the First International Workshop on Marine Spatial Planning. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and man and the biosphere programme, IOC Manual and Guides No. 48 IOCAM Dossier No. 4, UNESCO, 2007.
Shaw, Malcolm N. International Law 7th Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Book Chapter
Carter, Lionel. et al. “The Relationship between Submarine Cables and the Marine Environment," in Douglas R. Burnet et al. (eds). Submarine Cables: The Handbook of Law and Policy. Martinus Nijhoff Publisher. 2014.
Djalal, Hasjim, “‘Due Regards’ and Abuse of Rights in UNCLOS," in Shicun Wu et al. (eds). UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the South China Sea, National Institute for South China Sea Studies, Ashgate Publishing Limited. 2015.
Journal Sources
Bateman, Sam. “UNCLOS and Its Limitations as the Foundation for a Regional Maritime Security Regime," The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Vol. 19, No. 3, (April 2007): 27-56.
Becker-Weinberg, V. "Preliminary Thoughts on Marine Spatial Planning in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction." The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Vol 32, No 3, (2017): 570-588.
Davenport, Tara. "Submarine Communications Cables and Law of the Sea: Problems in Law and Practice." Ocean Development & International Law, Vol. 43, No. 3. (2012): 201-242
Douvere, F. "The Importance of Marine Spatial Planning in Advancing Ecosystem-based Sea Use Management," Marine Policy, Vol. 32, No. 5, (2008): 762-771.
Ehler, Charles N. “An International Perspective on Marine Spatial Planning Initiatives," Environments Journal, Vol. 37, No. 3, (2010): 9-20.
Gaunce, Julia. "On the Interpretation of the General Duty of 'Due Regard,'" Ocean Yearbook, Vol. 32, No. 1, (2017): 27-59.
Geng, Jing. "The Legality of Foreign Military Activities in the Exclusive Economic Zone under UNCLOS," Merkourios Utrecht Journal of International and European Law, Vol. 28, no. 74, (2012): 22-30.
Liu, Nengye. "China's National Plan for Marine Spatial Planning," IUCNAEL E-Journal. Vol. 7, (2016): 179-183.
Maes, Frank. "The International Legal Framework for Marine Spatial Planning," Marine Policy, vol. 32, no. 5, (2008): 797-810.
Mudrić, Mišo. “Rights of States Regarding Underwater Cables and Pipelines," Australian Resouces and Energy Law Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2, (2010): 235.
Takei, Yoshinobu. “Law and Policy for International Submarine Cables: An Asia-Pacific Perspective," Asian Journal of International Law, Vol. 2, No. 2. (2012): 205-233.
Treves, Tullio. "Coastal States' Rights in the Maritime Areas under UNCLOS," Brazilian Journal of International Law, Vol. 12. No. 1, (2015): 12-40.
Tuda, A. O., et al., "Resolving Coastal Conflicts using Marine Spatial Planning," Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 133 (2014): 59-68
Scientific Article Sources
Beckman, Robert. Submarine Cables – A Critically Important but Neglected Area of the Law of the Sea, presented at ISIL Conference, January (2010).
Bressie, Kent, and Madeleine Findley. Coping with India’s New Telecom: Equipment Security Requirements and Indigenous Innovation, presented at Submarine Telecoms Forum Virginia (2012).
Indonesian Laws
Government Regulation Number 32 of 2019 on Marine Spatial Planning
Law Number 30 of 2014 on State Administration.
Law Number 32 of 2014 on Marine Affairs.
Treaties and International Court Rulings
ITLOS. Case No. 16. "Dispute concerning delimitation of the maritime boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal (Myanmar v. Bangladesh)." Judgment of March 2012.
ITLOS. Case No. 2. "M/V 'SAIGA' (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea)." Separate Opinion of Judge Laing, Judgment of 1 July 1999.
PCA. Case No. 2011-03. “The Chagos Marine Protected Area Arbitration (Mauritius v. UK). Award of 18 March 2015.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
Internet Sources
CNN Indonesia. “Kominfo Bakal Tata Ulang Kabel Optik Bawah Lautâ€, https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20180928170137-213-334042/kominfo-bakal-tata-ulang-kabel-optik-bawah-laut. Accessed 12 December 2019.
Fadli, and Raras Cahyafitri. “Indosat Spends Rp10 Billion Replacing Stolen Underwater Cableâ€, The Jakarta Post, 29 June 2013, https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/06/29/indosat-spends-rp-10-billion-replacing-stolen-underwater-cable.html. Accessed 27 January 2020
Green, Mick P., and Douglas R. Burnett, “Security of International Submarine Cable Infrastructure: Time to Rethink?†International Cable Protection Committee, available online at https://www.iscpc.org/information/government-and-law/. Accessed 29 January 2020.
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission – United Nations Educational. Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Marine Spatial Planning Programme, http://msp.ioc-unesco.org/world-applications/overview/. Accessed 29 January 2020
Liputan 6. “Perusahaan Indonesia Garap Proyek Kabel Listrik Bawah Laut Malaysia-Singapuraâ€. https://www.liputan6.com/ bisnis/read/4102965/perusahaan-indonesia-garap-proyek-kabel-listrik-bawah-laut-malaysia-singapura. Accessed 28 November 2019.
Ramadhani, Mutia. "Indonesia-Singapore Underwater Networks Disrupted after Anchor Snags Cable." Republika. https://republika.co.id/berita/muvd9b/indonesiasingapore-underwater-networks-disrupted-after-anchor-snags-cable. Accessed 27 January 2020.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Agustina Merdekawati, Swissitya Ajari, Irkham Afnan Trisandi Hasibuan, I Gusti Putu Agung
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This journal embed or display simple machine-readable CC licensing information. This journal allow reuse and remixing of content in accordance with a Creative Commons license, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC). This license (CC BY NC) allows other users to re-edit / rewrite and rebuild a work non-commercially as long as the user gives credit and licenses his new work in the same domain.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
