PEMBATASAN TERHADAP PERSAINGAN UNTUK MEMBENTUK PASAR DALAM KASUS STANDARD ESSENTIAL PATENT (SEP) (PERBANDINGAN HUKUM PERSAINGAN USAHA DI INDONESIA DAN UNI EROPA)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2021.01402.2Keywords:
restrictions to competition, standard essential patent (SEP), abuse of dominant positionAbstract
Abstract
The role of patents is complex when dealing with the problem of technological interoperability in cases where patented technology becomes standard. In such cases, a balance is needed between the protection of the interests of the inventor, i.e. the standard essential patent (SEP) holder, and of users who need the technology to enter the market. There is a susceptibility to restrictions on competition to create markets (competition for the market). Market dominance can be created by the adoption of SEP holder technology as a standard and hence, a key for other business actors to enter the market. With the potential for the formation of a dominant position in the relevant market, the competition law intervention is required when patent abuse occurs, as it appears typical in the pharmaceutical and information technology industries. The normative research examines how competition law in the European Union deals with SEP cases in comparison to Indonesian competition law.
Abstrak
Peran paten menjadi kompleks ketika berhadapan dengan persoalan interoperabilitas teknologi ketika teknologi yang dipatenkan menjadi standard. Dalam kasus-kasus demikian, diperlukan adanya perimbangan antara perlindungan atas kepentingan inventor yang mememegang standard essential patent (SEP) dengan kepentingan pengguna yang membutuhkan teknologi tersebut untuk masuk ke dalam pasar. Dalam hal ini, rentan terjadi pembatasan atas persaingan untuk membentuk pasar (competition for the market). Dominasi pasar dapat tercipta dengan diterimanya teknologi pemegang SEP sebagai standard dan kunci bagi pelaku usaha lain untuk masuk ke dalam pasar. Dengan potensi terbentuknya posisi dominan dalam pasar yang relevan bagi pemegang SEP tersebut, ruang analisis menjadi terbuka untuk hukum persaingan usaha ketika terjadi penyalahgunaan paten sebagaimana tampak khas dalam industri farmasi dan teknologi informasi. Penelitian yang menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normative ini menyajikan perkembangan yang terjadi di Uni Eropa. Permasalahan yang menjadi fokus dalam paper ini adalah analisis hukum persaingan usaha di Uni Eropa dalam kasus penyalahgunaan SEP dan perbandingannya dengan hukum persaingan Indonesia.
References
Buku
Hansen, Knud, et.al. (eds.), Undang-Undang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat (Jakarta: Katalis, 2002).
Jurnal
Contreras, Jorge L., “Fixing FRAND: A Pseudo-Pool Approach to Standard-Based Patent Licensingâ€, Antitrust Law Journal Vol. 49, (2013): 47-97.
Cotter, Thomas F., “The Comparative Law and Economics of Standard-Essential Patents and FRAND Royaltiesâ€, Texas Intellectual Property Law Journal Vol. 22, (2014): 311-363.
Culley, Daneil, et.al., “Learning from Rambus How to Tame those Troublesome Trolls†The Antitrust Bulletin Vol. 57, No. 1, (2012): 117-160.
Drexl, Josef, “Anti-Competitive Stumbling Stones on the Way to A Cleaner World: Protecting Competition in Innovation Without A Marketâ€, Journal of Competition Law & Economics Vol. 8, No. 3,
(2012): 507-542.
Encaoua, David and Hollander, Abrahamn, “Competition Policy and Innovation†Oxford Review of Economic Policy Vol. 18, No. 1, (2002): 63-79.
Epstein, Richard A.and Kappos, David J., “Legal Remedies for Patent Infringement: from General Principles to FRAND Obligations for Standard Essential Patentsâ€, Compeition Policy International Vol. 9, No. 2, (Autumn 2013): 60-89.
Hovenkamp, Herbert J., “Competition in Information Technologies: Standard-Essential Patents, Non-Practicing Entities and FRAND Biddingâ€, University of Iowa Legal Studies Research Paper No. 12-32. (October 3, 2012): 1-20.
Mariniello, Mario, “Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory (FRAND) Terms: A Challenge for Competition Authoritiesâ€, Journal of Competition Law and Economics Vol. 7, No. 3, (2011): 523-541.
Merges, Robert P., and Kuhn Jeffery M., “An Estoppel Doctrine for Patented Standardsâ€, California Law Review, Vo. 97, No. 1, (2009): 1-50.
Michael L. Katz and Carl Saphiro, ‘Systems Competition and Network Effects’, Journal of Economic Perspectives Vol. 8, No. 2 (Spring 1994): 93–115.
Wallace, Joel. M., “Rambus v. F.T.C. in the Context of Standard-Setting Organizations, Antitrust, and the Patent Hold-Up Problemâ€, Berkley Technology Law Journal Vol. 24, (2009): 661-693.
Weber, Rolf H., “Competition Lawversus FRAND Terms in IT Marketsâ€, World Competition 34, no. 1 (2011): 51–71.
Naskah Internet
Commission (EC), ‘To Commit or Not to Commit: Deciding between Prohibition and Commitments’ (Policy Brief, March 2014), http://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/cpb/2014/003_en.pdf, diakses 4 Juli 2018.
DC Rambus v. FTC, 24 November 2008.
European Commission, "Patents and Standards: A Modern Framework for IP-Base Standardization" (Final Report, 25 March 2014), http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/4843/attachments/1/translations/en/renditions/pdf, diakses 6 Juli 2018.
Fistrich, Simon, “Motorola vs. Apple: iPhone 3G und iPad Zeitweise Aus Apples Online-Store Verschwunden“, PC Games (6 Februari 2012), http://www.pcgames.de/Motorola-Firma-18761/GNews/Motorola-vs-Apple-iPhone-3G-und-iPad-zeitweise-aus-Apples-Online-Store-verschwunden-866789/, diakses 3 Juli 2018.
Jahn, Joachim, “Gericht Bremst Vertrieb von Apple-Produkten“, Frankfurter Allgemeine (3 Februari 2012), http://www.faz.net/aktuell/technik-motor/patentstreit-mit-motorola-gericht-bremst-vertrieb-von-apple-produkten-11636311.html, diakses 3 Juli 2018.
Kuch, Alexander “Dritte Motorola-Patentklage gegen Apple in Mannheim abgewiesen“, Teltarif (10 Februari 2012), http://www.teltarif.de/apple-motorola-patentsreit-landgericht-mannheim/news/45635.html, diakses 3 Juli 2018.
Marc Kessler, “Apple-Patentstreit: Motorola Fordert 2,25 Prozent Umsatzbeteiligung“, Teltarif (6 February 2012), http://www.teltarif.de/apple-motorola-patentstreit-lizenz-gebuehr-2-25-prozent-forderung-frand/news/45578.html, diakses 3 Juli 2018.
Rambus (Case COMP/38.636).
Peraturan Perundang-undangan
Commission Regulation (EU) No 316/2014 of 21 March 2014 on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of technology transfer agreements Text with EEA relevance’ [2014] OJ 2014 L93/17.
Communication from the Commission (2011/C 11/01) of 14 January 2011 on ‘Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements’ [2011] OJ 2011 C11/1.
Communication from the Commission (2014/C 89/03) of 28 March 2014 on ‘Guidelines on the application of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to technology transfer
agreements’ [2014] OJ 2014 C89/3.
Council Regulation (EC) 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty [2003] OJ L1/1.
Motorola (Case AT.39985) Commission Decision 2014/C 344/06 [2014] OJ C344/6.
Peraturan Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha No. 2 Tahun 2009 tentang Pedoman Pengecualian Penerapan UU No 5 1999 Berkaitan Dengan Hak Atas Kekayaan Intelektual.
Samsung (Case AT.39939) Commission Decision 2014/C 350/08 [2014] OJ 350/8.
Undang-undang No. 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktik Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat.
Undang-undang No. 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta.
Undang-undang No. 13 Tahun 2016 tentang Paten.
X/Open Group (Case IV/31.458) Commisssion Decision 87/69/EEC [1987] OJ L 35/36.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Sih Yuliana Wahyuningtyas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This journal embed or display simple machine-readable CC licensing information. This journal allow reuse and remixing of content in accordance with a Creative Commons license, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC). This license (CC BY NC) allows other users to re-edit / rewrite and rebuild a work non-commercially as long as the user gives credit and licenses his new work in the same domain.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).