KONSEP GUGATAN PEMERINTAH ATAS PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN: KOMPARASI ANTARA INDONESIA DAN AMERIKA SERIKAT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2021.01402.4Keywords:
hak gugat pemerintah, kerugian lingkungan, pemulihanAbstract
Abstract
In recent years, the Minister of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) has intensified the use of its rights to sue for environmental damage. In most of the lawsuits, the courts have ruled in favor of the MoEF. Surprisingly, hitherto no restoration has taken place in areas where the MoEF’s claims for damages have been granted. Based on conceptual and comparative approaches, this research addresses the restoration of environmental damage in the United States of America and Indonesia. This article finds some problems with the restoration of environmental damage in Indonesia, such as the absence of a Recovery Plan, the use of theoretical damage valuation methods, and the absence of full compensation measures. This article also proposes some recommendations to improve the implementation of the government’s right to sue in Indonesia.
Abstrak
Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (LHK) telah meningkatkat penggunaan hak gugat pemerintah untuk kerugian lingkungan. Hampir semua gugatan tersebut dimenangkan oleh Menteri LHK. Namun, hingga saat ini, ternyata belum ada tindakan pemulihan apapun yang dilakukan pemerintah, termasuk di daerah yang gugatan atas pemulihan telah dimenangkan oleh pemerintah. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan konseptual dan komparatif, penelitian ini membahas pemulihan lingkungan di Amerika Serikat dan Indonesia. Studi ini menemukan sejumlah masalah mengenai pemulihan lingkungan di Indonesia, di antaranya adalah tidak adanya Rencana Pemulihan, penggunaan metode penilaian pencemaran yang bersifat teoretis, dan kompensasi yang tidak penuh atas kerugian lingkungan. Tulisan ini juga memberikan beberapa usulan bagi perbaikan hak gugat pemerintah di Indonesia.
References
Buku
Brans, Edward H.P. Liability for Damage to Public Natural Resources: Standing, Damage and Damage Assessment. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2001.
Gray, Peter L. The Superfund Manual: A Practitioner’s Guide to CERCLA Litigation. Chicago: ABA, 2016, p. 297
Wibisana, Andri G. Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan Melalui Pertanggungjawaban Perdata. Depok: BP-FHUI, 2017.
Kumpulan Tulisan dalam Buku
Faure, Michael et.al. “Economic instruments : suited to developing countries ?†In Environmental Law in Development: Lessons from the Indonesian Experience, edited by Michael Faure and Nicole Niessen. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2006. pp. 222-224.
Phelps, Jacob et.al. “Liability for Environmental Harm as a Response to the Anthropocene.†In Charting Environmental Law Futures in the Anthropocene, edited by Michelle Lim. Singapore: Springer, 2019. p. 173.
Wibisana, A.G. dan T.A. Dewaranu. “Environmental damage and liability in Indonesia: Fancy words under conventional wisdom.†In Law and Justice in a Globalized World, diedit oleh Harkristuti Harkrisnowo, Hikmahanto Juwana, dan Yu Un Oppusunggu. London: Routledge, 2018. pp. 221-222.
Jurnal
Burlington, Linda B. “Valuing Natural Resource Damages: A Transatlantic Lessonâ€. Environmental Law Review 6, No. 2 (2004): 78-81.
Faure, Michael and Jing Liu. “New Models For The Compensation Of Natural Resources Damageâ€. Kentucky Journal for Equine, Agriculture, and Natural Resources Law 4, No. 2 (2012): 269.
Jing, Liu et.al., “Compensating for Natural Resource Damage Caused by Vessel-Induced Marine Oil Pollution: Comparing the International, U.S., and Chinese Regimesâ€. Journal of Environmental Law & Litigation 29 (2014): 150-151.
Jones, Carol A. and Katherine A. Pease. “Restoration-Based Compensation Measures in Natural Resource Liability Statutesâ€. Contemporary Economic Policy15 (October 1997): 111-122.
Jones, Carol Adaire and Lisa DiPinto. “The Role of Ecosystem Services in USA Natural Resource Liability Litigationâ€. Ecosystem Services 29 (2018): 336.
Jones, Carol Adaire et al. “Tropical Conservation and Liability for Environmental Harmâ€. Environmental Law Review 45, No. 1 (2015): 1035.
Jones, Carol Adaire. “Economic Valuation of Resource Injuries in Natural Resource Liability Suits,†Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 126, No. 6 (2000): 358.
Kanner, Allan and Mary E. Ziegler, “Understanding and Protecting Natural Resourcesâ€. Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum 17, No. 119 (2006): 147.
Kanner, Allan. “Natural Resource Restorationâ€. Tulane Environmental Law Journal 28, No. 1 (2015): 5.
Bradshaw, Karen. “Settling for Natural Resource Damagesâ€. Harvard Environmental Law Review, Vol. 40, (2016): 219.
Mazzotta, Marisa J. et.al. “Natural Resource Damage Assessment: The Role of Resource Restorationâ€. Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 34 (Winter 1994): 168.
Musiker, Deborah G. et.al., “The Public Trust and Parens Patriae Doctrines: Protecting Wildlife in Uncertain Political Times,†Public Land and Resources Law Review 16, No. 87 (1995): 94, 104.
Ofiara, Douglas D. “Natural Resource Damage Assessments in the United States: Rules and Procedures for Compensation from Spills of Hazardous Substances and Oil in Waterways under US Jurisdictionâ€. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44, No. 2 (2002): 100.
Snyder, Joan P. and William H. Desvousges, “Habitat and Resource Equivalency Analyses in Resource Compensation and Restoration Decision Makingâ€. Natural Resources & Environment 28 (Summer 2013): 3-7.
Strickland, Carter H. “The Scope of Authority of Natural Resource Trusteesâ€. Colombia Journal of Environmental Law 20, No. 1 (1995): 301-327.
Peraturan Perundang-undangan dan Putusan Pengadilan Indonesia
Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1982 tentang Ketentuan-ketentuan Pokok Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.
Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1997 tentang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.
Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.
Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 tentang Kerugian Lingkungan Hidup Akibat Pencemaran dan/atau Kerusakan Lingkungan Hidup.
Peraturan Ketua Mahkamah Agung Nomor 036/KMA/2013 tentang .Pemberlakuan Pedoman Penanganan Perkara Lingkungan Hidup.
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 001-021-022/PUU-I/2003 tentang Permohonan Pengujian Undang-undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2002 tentang Ketenagalistrikan terhadap UUD NRI Tahun 1945, tanggal 21 Desember 2004.
Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor 109 PK/Pdt/2014 tentang Peninjauan Kembali terhadap Sengketa Lingkungan Hidup antara Menteri Lingkungan Hidup melawan PT. Selatnasik Indokwarsa dan PT. Simpang Pesak Indokwarsa, tanggal 23 Mei 2014.
Putusan Mahkamah Agung No. 690 PK/Pdt/2018 tentang Menteri Lingkungan Hidup melawan PT. Surya Panen Subur, tanggal 17 Oktober 2018.
Putusan Pengadilan Tinggi Palembang Nomor 51/PDT/2016/PT.PLG tentang Menteri Lingkungan Hidup melawan PT. Bumi Mekar Hijau, tanggal 10 Agustus 2016.
Putusan Pengadilan Tinggi Banda Aceh No. 50/PDT/2014/PT.BNA tentang PT. Kallista Alam melawan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup, tanggal 15 Agustus 2014.
Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Selatan Nomor 591/Pdt.G-LH/2015/PN.Jkt.Sel tentang Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan melawan PT. National Sago Prima, tanggal 1 Agustus 2016.
Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Selatan Nomor 456/Pdt.G-LH/2016/PN.Jkt.Sel tentang Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan melawan PT. Waringin Agro Jaya, tanggal 7 Februari 2017.
Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Palembang No. 24/Pdt.G/2015/PN.Plg. tentang Menteri Lingkungan Hidup melawan PT. Bumi Mekar Hijau, tanggal 30 Desember 2015.
Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Selatan Nomor 700/Pdt.G/2013/PN.Jkt.Sel tentang Menteri Lingkungan Hidup melawan PT. Surya Panen Subur, tanggal 25 September 2014.
Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Meulaboh Nomor 12/Pdt.G/2012/PN.MBO tentang Menteri Lingkungan Hidup melawan PT. Kallista Alam, tanggal 28 November 2013.
Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Banjarmasin Nomor 125/Pdt.G/2016/PN.Bjm tentang Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan melawan PT. Palmina Utama, tanggal 21 Februari 2018.
Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Jambi Nomor 107/Pdt.G/LH/2019/PN.Jmb tentang Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan melawan PT. Agro Tumbuh Gemilang Abadi, tanggal 8 April 2020.
Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Pusat Nomor 123/Pid.Sus-TPK/2017/PN.Jkt.Pst tentang Tindak Pidana Korupsi dengan Terdakwa Nur Alam, tanggal 28 Maret 2018.
Peraturan Perundang-undangan dan Putusan Pengadilan Negara Asing
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act) dan OPA (Oil Pollution Act (CERCLA).
Oil Pollution Act (OPA).
The U.S. Department of the Interior’s Natural Resource Damage Assessment Regulations (DOI’s NRDA).
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ’s Natural Resource Damage Assessment Regulations (NOAA’s NRDA).
State of Ohio v. DOI, 880 F.2d 432, 463 (D.C. Cir. 1989).
Naskah Internet
NOAA, “Scaling Compensatory Restoration Actions Guidance Document for Natural Resource Damage Assessment Under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990â€. http://www.losco.state.la.us/pdf_docs/NOAA_NRDA_Guidance_Scaling_1997.pdf. Diakses pada Februari 2021.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Dona Pratama Jonaidi, Andri G Wibisana
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This journal embed or display simple machine-readable CC licensing information. This journal allow reuse and remixing of content in accordance with a Creative Commons license, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC). This license (CC BY NC) allows other users to re-edit / rewrite and rebuild a work non-commercially as long as the user gives credit and licenses his new work in the same domain.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
